We know that the aging process is highly complex, but we do not yet understand the fundamental biological mechanisms of aging, nor how or why these vary across species. Aging thus represents two of the major remaining mysteries in biology: what are the mechanisms of aging within individual organisms, and how and why would aging evolve, given that some species do not age. We believe the answers to these two questions are linked.
On the mechanistic side, aging is increasingly seen as a result of dysregulation, the breakdown of the complex regulatory networks that maintain homeostatic equilibrium in organisms. We are using longitudinal epidemiological and biomarker data on aging to identify underlying patterns and processes in aging and their relationship to physiological causal pathways. Recently, we proposed a novel statistical method to measure dysregulation using clinical biomarkers (Cohen et al, 2013), which predicts age and multiple health outcomes controlling for age (Milot et al, 2014). Long-term, we hope to generate ways to measure biological age that could be applied clinically and will allow us to study social and economic factors that accelerate aging and chronic disease in disadvantaged populations.
We have also developed two complementary novel theories, one of aging and one of physiological evolution. The physiological evolution theory proposes that aspects of physiology evolve not as independent traits, but as part of a coherent regulated network (published in Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2012). The aging theory unifies multiple mechanistic and evolutionary theories into a new framework based on a breakdown of homeostatic regulation in complex physiological systems, and on the ways that selection would act (or fail to act) on these systems across species. In addition to providing a clear explanatory framework where one was lacking, the theory changes the sorts of questions aging biologists will want to ask. Aging mechanisms can now be viewed as part of a coherent and regulated (but imperfect) system, with aging as an emergent property.
While the core of our aging research focuses on dysregulation and complex systems dynamics, we maintain a broad interest in aging biology, demography, and evolution. Previous research has addressed subjects such as the evolution of menopause, the effects of the 1919 Spanish flu on the lifespans of babies in utero at the time, and the debate on whether aging could have evolved as adaptation that actually advantages organisms.
Principal Findings
- PD can easily be measured with appropriate statistical integration of multiple biomarkers
- PD increases with age and predicts age-adjusted risk of mortality and multiple health outcomes
- PD measures are not particularly sensitive to the precise choice of biomarkers used in calculations; it is thus an emergent property of a complex system
- PD can reasonably be measured for specific physiological systems, and the age-adjusted correlations in rates of PD in these systems are weak, suggesting that PD progresses largely independently within each system
- There appear to be physiological processes key to governing specific aspects of organismal function that are not controlled by identifiable molecules or pathways, but rather that emerge from complex regulatory dynamics in a coherent way. We call them “emergent physiological processes” (EPPs)
- Inflamm-aging and metabolic syndrome may be examples of such processes
- “Integrated albunemia” is a new EPP we discovered that links changes in anemia, protein transport, inflammation, and calcium. It is linked to aging, mortality, and clinical frailty
- Inflamm-aging does not reflect a simple up-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers or contrasting up-regulation of pro-inflammatory markers and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory markers, but rather a simultaneous up-regulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers
- Any effects of the 1919 flu pandemic on the lifespan of individuals exposed in utero were minor, or the effects are sufficiently dependent on details of exposure that general effects cannot be measured
- Females in most mammal species experience a cessation of reproduction well before death, such that menopause is not unique to humans. This demographic pattern may be due to the fact that the female reproductive system ages for reasons largely independent of somatic aging, and this selection can act independently on the two processes; because reproductive aging is a more precipitous physiological process, a demographic lag is produced between the end of reproduction and death.
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Selected publications
Li, Q., Wang, S., Milot, E., Bergeron, P., Ferrucci, Fried., Cohen, A.A. (2015). Homeostatic dysregulation proceeds in parallel in multiple physiological systems. Aging Cell, 14(6):1103-12. doi: 10.1111/acel.12402. [pubmed] [pdf]
Cohen, A.A., Milot, E., Li, Q., Bergeron, P., Poirier, R., Dusseault-Bélanger, F., Fulop, T., Leroux, M., Legault, V., Metter, E.J., Fried, L.P., Ferrucci, L. (2015). Detection of a novel, integrative aging process suggests complex physiological integration. PLoS ONE, 10(3):e0116489. [pubmed] [pdf]
Cohen, A.A. (2015). Complex systems dynamics in aging: new evidence, continuing questions. Biogerontology, 17(1):205-20. doi: 10.1007/s10522-015-9584-x. [pubmed] [pdf]
Morrisette-Thomas, V., Cohen, A.A., Fulop, T., Riesco, E., Legault, V., Li, Q., Milot, E., Dusseault-Bélanger, F., Ferrucci, L. (2014). Inflammaging does not simply reflect increases in pro‐inflammatory markers. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 139: 49-57. [pubmed]
Cohen, A.A., Milot, E., Yong, J., Seplaki, C.L., Fulop, T., Bandeen-Roche, K., Fried, L. P. (2013). A Novel Statistical Approach Shows Evidence for Multi-system Physiological Dysregulation During Aging. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 134(3-4):110-7. [pubmed]